Transformation of Military Ethics During the Zhou Dynasty in Ancient China

ABSTRACT

The transformation of the governance model from a rule of virtue to political realism in China has been a topic of great interest to scholars. In this study, I examine military culture during the Zhou Dynasty and investigate the changes in ethics based on factors such as cultural values, social customs, and political structure to understand the process by which moral values have changed as the governance model transformed from rule of virtue to political realism. I found that military ethics have changed from governance through the use of rituals during the Western Zhou Dynasty to what was called “deception makes an army” during the Eastern Zhou Dynasty.     

Killing with Culture: Anthropology’s Ethical Dilemma with War

ABSTRACT

This article highlights the difficulty of creating a code of ethics in anthropology, particularly one that appropriately addresses the nuanced nature of the military and the anthropologists who conduct research and disseminate information in the context of war. The article consults one of the most important books on this topic, George R. Lucas' Anthropologists in Arms (2009), along with several other relevant texts, and examines the ethical complexities and dilemmas American and European anthropologists faced during their involvement in both World Wars, as well as those faced during Vietnam and the more recent wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. The article also examines the military's recruitment of cultural experts, the methods used to culturally engage combatants, and the criticisms against social scientists who choose to work as so-called military anthropologists. The anthropologists in this article risked academic exile conducting what some consider an adulteration of academic principles. The article contributes to the discourse regarding unconventional warfare and the methods used by the armed forces to better understand the cultural nuances of people, and to highlight the need for the development of a better anthropological code of ethics that accounts for the challenges of war.     

论高校工会在青年教师师德师风建设中的作用

高校青年教师是高校的生力军,如何加强高校青年教师的师德师风建设,充分调动其积极性和创造性,是高校工会师德师风建设的重点。本文就当前青年教师的特点和高校工会面临的现状,对如何加强高校青年教师师德师风建设提出了具体措施。     

Remotely Piloted Aircraft,Risk, and Killing as Sacrifice: The Cost of Remote Warfare

In this paper I argue that a remotely piloted aircraft (RPA) pilot’s act of killing remotely, when it is done in the defense of another person, can be viewed as an act of sacrifice. This argument concludes from two premises. First, the RPA pilot faces psychological risk to self by carrying out such an action; second, the RPA pilot is motivated to some significant degree by something other than self-interest. Moreover, I challenge both the view that RPA represent merely an incremental development in technology yielding an incremental expansion of the distance between the war-fighter and the target and the view that RPA is revolutionary in some fundamental sense. I instead argue that, based upon the natural geometric boundary imposed by the earth’s shape, RPA have maximized the physical distance between the war-fighter and the target and, over time, this fact will change, not only the psychological effects on the RPA pilot, but also the way we view killing and distance in general. When taken together, these two broad claims, that other-defense can justify killing in war and that there is a psychological cost paid by remote killers, yield a conception of remote killing as an act of sacrifice that will inform the broader conversation about ethics, risk, killing, and RPA.     

Situations and Dispositions: How to Rescue the Military Virtues from Social Psychology

In recent years, it has been argued more than once that situations determine our conduct to a much greater extent than our character does. This argument rests on the findings of social psychologists such as Stanley Milgram, who have popularized the idea that we can all be brought to harm innocent others. An increasing number of philosophers and ethicists make use of such findings, and some of them have argued that this so-called situationist challenge fatally undermines virtue ethics. As virtue ethics is currently the most popular underpinning for ethics education in the military, it is important to know to what extent the claim situationists make is correct. Fortunately, a closer look indicates that an interactionist perspective, with our character and the situation interplaying, is more accurate than the situationist perspective.     

新疆双语教师专业化发展问题研究——基于绩效技术视角

本文通过对新疆喀什地区中小学双语教师专业化发展现状调查,运用绩效技术手段,找出当前中小学双语教师专业化发展中存在的主要问题及引发问题的根源,构建中小学双语教师专业化发展的绩效改进过程模型,并提出中小学双语教师专业化绩效改进建议。     

高师生专业适应性与学习自我效能感的关系研究

运用《专业适应性量表》和《学习自我效能感问卷》,对600名高师生进行调查,研究结果是:(1)高师生专业适应性略高于平均水平,但并未达到理想状况。(2)专业承诺与专业自我效能感因子在性别上存在显著差异;专业适应性及其各个因子在年级上存在显著差异;专业承诺与专业自我效能感因子及专业适应性总体水平在科类上存在显著差异;非独生子女的专业适应性及其专业承诺、专业学习动力、专业自我效能水平显著高于独生子女的水平;担任过班干部的高师生的专业承诺、专业学习行为、专业自我效能感水平显著高于未担任过班干部的高师生。(3)高师生专业适应性及其各个因子与学习自我效能感及其各个因子均存在显著正相关,高师生的专业适应性能解释学习自我效能感54.2%的方差变异。     

军官职业化内涵解析及启示

建立具有中国特色的军官职业化制度,是新时期军队改革的主要任务之一。全面理解军官职业化内涵是进行军官职业化改革的基础。从职业的内涵入手,探究了军官职业化内涵,同时分析了职业军官的基本特征。在此基础上,提出了建立军官职业化制度,即应该实行严格的军官员额立法制度、培养军官职业素养、改革军官晋升与淘汰制度、建立与职业化相适应的工资薪金激励机制、完善军官退役安置制度等。     

试论中小学校长专业发展素质构成要素

校长专业发展是指校长的专业素质结构不断更新、演进和丰富的过程。参照体现校长实现专业发展的五个方面内容,将态度和能力归纳为中小学校长专业化发展素质构成的重要维度。根据心理学理论的划分,将态度及能力的构成经过合理的整合,提出专业精神、专业知识和专业能力是中小学校长专业化发展素质构成的三大要素,并根据校长职业角色维度对三要素进行深入分析和细化,继而提出若干子要素,分析了各要素之间的关系,可作为中小学校长拟(初)从职人员参照依据。     

以教师为中心教学模式在普通心理学教学中的应用初探

普通心理学是心理学专业学生的入门课程,其教学的目的是使学生通过学习获得对心理学体系的整体认识,并形成基本的学科框架,为其他专业课程的学习奠定基础。通过分析发现,普通心理学具有系统性、内容之间的关联性、对其他专业课堂的奠基性的学科特点和结构良好的知识特点;学生虽然有相关的朴素的心理学经验,但不具有科学的心理学专业知识的知识储备特点和成熟认知的思维特点。这些特征与教师中心取向的教学模式相吻合,同时学生的思维特点也为这种教学模式的开展提供了基础。